Molecular pathology is a branch of pathology that focuses on the study and diagnosis of diseases at the molecular level, using techniques derived from molecular biology, genetics, and biochemistry. It involves the analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins within cells and tissues to understand disease mechanisms, identify genetic mutations, and assess biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Molecular pathology plays a critical role in precision medicine, particularly in oncology, where it aids in identifying targeted therapies based on the molecular profile of tumors.
Common techniques include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The field has applications in diagnosing infectious diseases, inherited disorders, and cancers, as well as in monitoring treatment responses and detecting minimal residual disease. By integrating molecular data with traditional pathology, molecular pathology provides a comprehensive understanding of disease processes, enabling personalized and more effective medical care.
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